Predicting potential problems that will ultimately lead to premature material related failures and implementing the neces sary corrections during design, fabrication, and commissioning has long been recognized by some as the most cost effective means of improving equipment performance. Unfortunately, the technology and experience that are needed to recognize problems and provide solutions can only be gained by being exposed to and analyzing prior deficiencies and fail ures. In short,

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... n gained is directly proportional to equipment ruined." Examples of environment-material interac tion, improper material selection, incorrect processing, design considerations, and improper installation/maintenance will all be examined as they relate to avoiding failures.