Objective: Diabetes is known to accelerate endothelial cell dysfunction. Meanwhile, an adequate physical activity is recommended as a nonpharmacological treatment. Hence, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of two different time periods of regular swimming exercise on serum levels of NO, VEGF, and TGF-β1 in diabetic male rats. Methods: We randomly divided 28 male Wistar rats into 4 groups of 7 rats per group-control, diabet, diabet-train 30, and diabet-train 60. Diabetes was

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... nduced using alloxan (90 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) in rats. The animals performed swimming training for 30 and 60 min for 5 weekly sessions, for a total of 8 weeks. The rats were killed 72 h after the last training session and was measured the levels of glucose, insulin, NO, VEGF, and TGF-β1. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (p≤0.05). Results: Diabetes increased the levels of glucose, insulin and TGF-β1, whereas it significantly reduced NO and VEGF levels. After 8 weeks, 30 min-swimming training, causing reverse of health changes compared to diabetes (p<0.05). 60 min-training did not make significant change (p>0.05). But there were significant differences in the levels of glucose, NO, and TGF-β1 between the two groups that trained for 30 and 60 min. Conclusion: It seems swimming training with enough time, which is sought for diabetic patients, can lead to a protective effect against cardiovascular disease by impacting the endothelial function factors in these patients.