This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex

more »

... rm) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights a b s t r a c t Backstresses, or long range internal stresses (LRISs), have been suggested by many to exist in plastically deformed crystalline materials. Elevated stresses may be present in regions of elevated dislocation density or dislocation heterogeneities in the deformed microstructures. The heterogeneities include dislocation pile-ups, edge dislocation dipole bundles and cell walls in monotonically and cyclically deformed materials. The existence of LRIS is especially important for the understanding of cyclic deformation and monotonic deformation. Theories and supporting experiments for assessing LRIS will all be discussed in this review. This review includes several new developments over the past few years.