The reverse engineering (RE) of electronic chips and systems can be used with honest and dishonest intentions. To inhibit reverse engineering (RE) for those with dishonest intentions (e.g., piracy and counterfeiting), it is important that the community is aware of the state-of-the-art capabilities available to attackers today. In this paper, we will be presenting a survey of reverse engineering and anti-reverse engineering techniques on the chip, board, and system levels. We also highlight the

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... urrent challenges and limitations of anti-RE and the research needed to overcome them. This survey should be of interest to both governmental and industrial bodies whose critical systems and intellectual property (IP) require protection from foreign enemies and counterfeiters who possess advanced RE capabilities.