I. I N T R O D U C T I O N Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are characterized by the seamless integration and close interaction of cyber components (e.g., sensors, computation nodes, communication networks) and physical processes (e.g., mechanical devices, physical environment, humans). The cyber components monitor, analyze, and control the physical processes, and react to their changes through feedback loops. A classic example of CPSs is autonomous vehicles. These vehicles collect information of

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... he surrounding physical environment via heterogeneous sensors such as cameras, radar, and LIDAR; process and analyze the multi-modal information at real time with advanced computing devices such as GPUs, application-specific SoCs and multicore CPUs; automatically make planning and control decisions; and continuously actuate the corresponding mechanical components. The cyber components of autonomous vehicles are much more intelligent and complex than those of traditional vehicles, and interact more directly and closely 0018-9219