Classification of cognition Adopting the framework of the vrttikara (Frauwallner's ed." Kumarila presupposes the following classification of cognition. First it is classified into two groups, prainana (valid cognition) and apramana. The latter is further classified into three1): non-cognition (ajl na / jihanabhava / buddhyanutpatti), doubt (sainsaya) and error (mithyajnana). 2) The last, i. e. error, is identified as such and is negated (badhyate) when one finds faults in its cause

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... a / karanadosa), 3) or when one finds that its object does not exist in the manner that one has cognized it (arthanyathatva / atathabhava). 4)