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The Voice of the `Ulamâ': Fatwas and Religious Authority in Indonesia
2004
Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions
1) I use the term Indonesia not only to denote the present Republic of Indonesia, but also its predecessor the Netherlands East Indies. (2) In the Indonesian language the word'ulamâ' (which in Arabic is a plural) denotes both the plural and the singular (in Arabic'âlim). ARCHIVES DE SCIENCES SOCIALES DES RELIGIONS (3) This does not mean that after the rise of modernist thought in Indonesian Islam at the beginning of the twentieth century, when ijtihâd ('independent reasoning') became popular in
doi:10.4000/assr.1038
fatcat:zrtdkwe5kvc5xg3olbxp5og5he