Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifests as multiple clinical and pathological organ dysfunctions. It also disrupts metabolic profile due to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines causing a systemic inflammation reaction. As the number of COVID-19 complications continues to rise worldwide, the identification of risk factors for the disease is an urgent issue, and it remains controversial whether atherogenic lipid-related traits including lipid peroxidation product 4-Hydroxynonenal and

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... pid profile panel levels, are risk factors. The aim of this study was to estimate causal effects of lipid-related factors on COVID-19 risk Methods: This case control study includes (90) subjects, were divided into: (30) critical, (30) sever COVID-19 groups, and (30) control group. Samples of COVID-19 patients were collected from Al-Hayat unit at Imam Hussein Medical City/ Iraq. This study was included all patients that confirmed with positive RT-PCR in the hospital, and only smoked patients were excluded....Results: The results of this study found significant increase in HNE levels in sever and critical groups compared to control group.