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Unfair coin tossing
2013
2013 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory
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Unfair Coin Tossing Resource Unfair Coin Tossing Resource αB βB X ∈R {0, 1} committed Y ∈R {0, 1} Y open X X ⊕ Y X ⊕ Y UCT a toss C ∈R {0, 1} δ ∈ [0, a] (b, C ) b := 1 δ =0 C := C ⊕ N, where N ∼ Ber (δ ...
Simulator βB committed Y ∈ R {0, 1} X X ⊕ Y sim C ∈ R {0, 1} C C ≈ ε Blum's Coin Tossing Protocol -Security Simulator βB X ∈R {0, 1} committed Y ∈R {0, 1} Y open X X ⊕ Y sim C ∈R {0, 1} C C ≈ ε αB βB X ...
doi:10.1109/isit.2013.6620488
dblp:conf/isit/DemayM13
fatcat:yhh4tl6gx5gffggzw6dtejfjba
Aggregation and Numbers
2004
Utilitas
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On the face of it, the coin-tossing seems a fair device. ...
In the original Rescue Case, if we choose the least unfair device, i.e. the coin-tossing, we will save either one life or five lives. ...
doi:10.1017/s0953820803001067
fatcat:3yu3opjhf5brxcccvzewzdxudu
Computational Hardness of Collective Coin-Tossing Protocols
2020
Entropy
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In particular, it elaborates on a new proof technique that identifies the minimum insecurity incurred by any coin-tossing protocol and, simultaneously, constructs the coin-tossing protocol achieving that ...
The combinatorial perspective into this new proof-technique yields new coin-tossing protocols that are more secure than well-known existing coin-tossing protocols, leading to new isoperimetric inequalities ...
This coin-tossing protocol is the well-known fair coin-tossing protocol [45] . A fair coin-tossing protocol is ε-unfair if it is ε-insecure. ...
doi:10.3390/e23010044
pmid:33396773
fatcat:3jjfwa2mj5gsteomwlmaapptoa
Computational Hardness of Optimal FairComputation: Beyond Minicrypt
[article]
2021
IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive
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Maji and Wang (CRYPTO-2020) proved that any coin-tossing protocol using one-way functions in a black-box manner is at least 1/ √ r-unfair. ...
We prove that any coin-tossing protocol using public-key encryption (or, multi-round key agreement protocols) in a black-box manner must be 1/ √ r-unfair. ...
They showed that any r-message coin-tossing protocol in the random oracle model must be Ω(1/ √ r)-unfair. ...
dblp:journals/iacr/MajiW21
fatcat:cht6ua6g2fd3tar3ljftmyqeie
How to make the toss fair in cricket?
[article]
2022
arXiv
pre-print
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In the sport of cricket, the side that wins the toss and has the first choice to bat or bowl can have an unfair or a critical advantage. ...
In this article, I outline a method to make the toss fair in cricket. The method is based on ideas from the academic fields of game theory and fair division. ...
There is no doubt that the outcome of a cricket match can be affected by the toss of a coin (Monga, 2018) . ...
arXiv:2201.04767v1
fatcat:rynooqigenfnlp3bs5uuttzm2e
Fairness Norms and Theory of Mind in an Ultimatum Game: Judgments, Offers, and Decisions in School-Aged Children
2014
PLoS ONE
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from the coin toss), supporting the existence of an outcome bias effect. ...
Playing as Responders, they show a remarkable discrepancy between their normative judgment about fair procedures (a coin toss to determine the offer) and their behavior (rejection of an unfair offer derived ...
Adults, as found by Biccheri & Chavez [1] , are more consistent, as they rarely refuse an unfair outcome resulting from a coin toss. ...
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105024
pmid:25118863
pmcid:PMC4132049
fatcat:7kno75nhxngirit7mk22kujtia
Are withholding and withdrawing therapy always morally equivalent? A reply to Sulmasy and Sugarman
1994
Journal of Medical Ethics
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The doctors toss a coin and allocate the respirator to Prima. ...
One method of doing this is of course by tossing a coin. ...
of a coin. ...
doi:10.1136/jme.20.4.223
pmid:11644646
pmcid:PMC1376559
fatcat:xwosxl2wdnd4dmn2jlq6jaxjji
How random is the toss of a coin?
2009
CMAJ - Canadian Medical Association Journal
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Coins have different raised profiles on each side. In theory, one side could be more weighted, thus making the coin toss unfair. This could be achieved by tampering with a coin. ...
Coin tossing becomes physics rather than a random event. ...
doi:10.1503/cmaj.091733
pmid:19969575
pmcid:PMC2789164
fatcat:pr32omcsrrhhffiteu2xmhvvw4
You Can Load a Die, But You Can't Bias a Coin
2002
American Statistician
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A coin tossing is basically deterministic. ...
The simple toss of a coin offers opportunities for learning many lessons in statistics and probability. For example, we ask our students, How is a coin toss random? and What makes a coin fair? ...
doi:10.1198/000313002605
fatcat:ydcw2zyhwbflda5hle6crd6kna
Design Schemes for Fair Dice
[article]
2018
arXiv
pre-print
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We also have a familiar fair device; a coin. That is, a fair coin can be seen as a fair die with 2 faces. However, a real coin has a thickness, and hence it is, in fact, an unfair die with 3 faces. ...
Figure 7 : 7 Deformed and unfair dice. ...
That is, when we toss a coin of uniform density, we consider that the probabilities of head and tail are equal. However, a coin has another side out of head and tail in the real world. ...
arXiv:1810.12108v1
fatcat:q2wz6js2uzgojmvmbks6ocwkoq
Five Years of Phase Space Dynamics of the Standard & Poor's 500
2019
Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences
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Relations between information components in Standard & Poor's 500 phase space resemble of those in unfair coin tossing. ...
to the a.) b.) c.) d.) marginal values p > ∼ 0, or p < ∼ 1 for the probability to repeat a symbol in unfair coin tossing. ...
The state diagram for tossing a unfair coin, in which each state ('heads' or 'tails') repeats itself with the probability 0 ≤ p ≤ 1. b.) ...
doi:10.2478/amns.2019.1.00019
fatcat:fv3bldg7j5gihnftjwbgvvvpwe
THE RESULTS TO BE LOOKED FOR ON TOSSING A DYNAMICALLY TRUE COIN
1854
The Assurance Magazine and Journal of the Institute of Actuaries
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A hundred and one dynamically true coins are fairly tossed, and then one of them is covered. ...
We must, I think, allow it to be theoretically possible that a dynamically true coin, when tossed, may turn up head a hundred times successively, although on the other hand it must be admitted that the ...
fatcat:efcpvicamncuhko54amixvkryy
Page 33 of Quiver Vol. 59, Issue
[page]
1923
Quiver
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He wanted to toss a coin which of us went, which of us carried on, But I in
sisted, and we applied for
ul uggle seemed
commissions loge the I
‘“ They turned me down, Alice. ...
Aobey
sii
and said that settled it without the tossing
And
a coin. Well, you know what he did, all he did. His men called him ‘ Three Star’ Hennessey, you know. The famous
brand. ...
Making the Unfair Fair
2020
Recreational Mathematics Magazine
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Making Things Fair Now we wish to look at unfair coins where p(T ), the probability that the coin lands on Tails, is p ∈ [0, 1[. ...
An umpire then tosses the coin until one of the two sequences appears as a consecutive subsequence of the coin flips. The player whose sequence appears first is the winner. ...
We know the second player's choice if the coin is fair. If the coin is unfair, with p being the probability of Tails
Penney's Game Let p be the probability that the coin lands on Tails. ...
doi:10.2478/rmm-2020-0002
fatcat:cnz3my5sindxlmfci3igvpr7vy
The Results to be looked for on Tossing a dynamically true Coin
1854
The Assurance Magazine and Journal of the Institute of Actuaries
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A hundred and one dynamically true coins are fairly tossed, and then one of them is covered. ...
THE RESULTS TO BE LOOKED FOR ON TOSSING A DYNA-MICALLY TRUE COIN. To the Editor of the Assurance Magazine. ...
doi:10.1017/s2046165800022401
fatcat:um45m4grxrg5vinmhrpoo23kxy
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