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Students' Mindsets for Learning and Their Neural Underpinnings
2016
Psychology
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., Kujala & Näätänen, 2010) . According to Dweck's (2006) definition, mindsets are beliefs that individuals hold about their most basic qualities and abilities. ...
doi:10.4236/psych.2016.79125
fatcat:or74nx7eb5hw3edndst5ls2y6a
Detrimental noise effects on brain's speech functions
2009
Biological Psychology
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Figure adapted from Kujala et al. (2004) .
Fig. 5. ...
., 1978; Nä ä tä nen, 1990; Nä ä tä nen and Winkler, 1999; Kujala et al., 2007) . ...
doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.03.010
pmid:19482230
fatcat:ffux27pl5ffa3iflhesfeajjgi
Language context and phonetic change detection
2003
Cognitive Brain Research
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Event-related brain potentials (ERP) were recorded to two spoken words, / paeti / and / peti /. The vowel difference between the two words results in a semantical difference in Finnish, but not in Hungarian, in which / ae / and / e / are perceived as allophones of the same vowel /´/. As a consequence, native Hungarian speakers, who had not studied Finnish before being tested, could not categorize the two word stimuli. In the main experiment, native Hungarian speakers, who fluently spoke
doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00205-2
pmid:14561466
fatcat:ja5t34i6hrab5evhkmxonczu6m
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... were presented with two oddball sequences in which / paeti / was the frequent standard stimulus, / peti / the infrequent deviant. In addition, very rare target words were also included. In one condition, the targets were Hungarian words, whereas in the other, they were Finnish words. The participants' sense of being in two different language environments was further encouraged by having separate experimenters conducting the two conditions, one speaking with the subjects only in Hungarian, the other only in Finnish. Language context had no effect on the mismatch negativity ERP component elicited by the deviant word stimuli. This result suggests that language context does not affect the pre-attentive detection of auditory deviance. (I. Winkler). regular feature of the preceding sound sequence. Thus, 0926-6410 / 03 / $ -see front matter
Atypical brain-to-brain synchronization during listening to continuous natural speech in dyslexia
[article]
2019
bioRxiv
pre-print
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., 2013; Kujala and Näätänen, 2001 ) may aid the interpretation of our ISC results. ...
doi:10.1101/677674
fatcat:pfltlyelpvhvvo6n2assrvpx7y
Fragments of order
2003
Proceedings of the ninth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining - KDD '03
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High-dimensional collections of 0-1 data occur in many applications. The attributes in such data sets are typically considered to be unordered. However, in many cases there is a natural total or partial order ≺ underlying the variables of the data set. Examples of variables for which such orders exist include terms in documents, courses in enrollment data, and paleontological sites in fossil data collections. The observations in such applications are flat, unordered sets; however, the data sets
doi:10.1145/956750.956768
dblp:conf/kdd/GionisKM03
fatcat:smtbwqmr3vdm3fvzllsyl67zui
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... respect the underlying ordering of the variables. By this we mean that if A ≺ B ≺ C are three variables respecting the underlying ordering ≺, and both of variables A and C appear in an observation, then, up to noise levels, variable B also appears in this observation. Similarly, if A1 ≺ A2 ≺ · · · ≺ A l−1 ≺ A l is a longer sequence of variables, we do not expect to see many observations for which there are indices i < j < k such that Ai and A k occur in the observation but Aj does not. In this paper we study the problem of discovering fragments of orders of variables implicit in collections of unordered observations. We define measures that capture how well a given order agrees with the observed data. We describe a simple and efficient algorithm for finding all the fragments that satisfy certain conditions. We also discuss the sometimes necessary postprocessing for selecting only the best fragments of order. Also, we relate our method with a sequencing approach that uses a spectral algorithm, and with the consecutive ones problem. We present experimental results on some real data sets
Word Semantics Is Processed Even without Attentional Effort
2009
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
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However, activity related to semantic priming for spoken words was also found in a fMRI study when the subjects were engaged in a demanding visual task (Rämä, Relander, Carlson, Salonen, & Kujala, 2006 ...
doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21127
pmid:18823236
fatcat:lftu2ckrzfgkvl7qxdtcfn5ata
Prenatal Music Exposure Induces Long-Term Neural Effects
2013
PLoS ONE
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Citation: Partanen E, Kujala T, Tervaniemi M, Huotilainen M (2013) Prenatal Music Exposure Induces Long-Term Neural Effects. PLoS ONE 8(10): e78946. ...
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078946
pmid:24205353
pmcid:PMC3813619
fatcat:jhmkm7naw5egnn543wde4rg2iq
Rapid and automatic speech-specific learning mechanism in human neocortex
2015
NeuroImage
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A unique feature of human communication system is our ability to rapidly acquire new words and build large vocabularies. However, its neurobiological foundations remain largely unknown. In an electrophysiological study optimally designed to probe this rapid formation of new word memory circuits, we employed acoustically controlled novel word-forms incorporating native and non-native speech sounds, while manipulating the subjects' attention on the input. We found a robust index of neurolexical
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.098
pmid:26074199
fatcat:4m2yjejti5dmnommbh7ysbkk2a
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... mory-trace formation: a rapid enhancement of the brain's activation elicited by novel words during a short (~30 min) perceptual exposure, underpinned by fronto-temporal cortical networks, and, importantly, correlated with behavioural learning outcomes. Crucially, this neural memory trace build-up took place regardless of focused attention on the input or any pre-existing or learnt semantics. Furthermore, it was found only for stimuli with native-language phonology, but not for acoustically closely matching non-native words. These findings demonstrate a specialised cortical mechanism for rapid, automatic and phonology-dependent formation of neural word memory circuits.
Word-specific cortical activity as revealed by the mismatch negativity
2004
Psychophysiology
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(Two of these F values have earlier been reported by Pulvermu¨ller, Kujala, et al., 2001 , as part of results of their experiment 1.) ...
In recent studies (Korpilahti, Krause, Holopainen, & Lang, 2001; Pulvermu¨ller, Kujala, et al., 2001; Shtyrov & Pulvermu¨ller, 2002) , an oddball paradigm was used to record the mismatch negativity (MMN ...
doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2003.00135.x
pmid:14693005
fatcat:cvzdgjv3pbbn5gdnmmf4hg7whi
Impaired neural mechanism for online novel word acquisition in dyslexic children
2018
Scientific Reports
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Developmental dyslexia is characterised as an inability to read fluently. Apart from literacy problems, dyslexics have other language difficulties including inefficient speech encoding and deficient novel word learning. Yet, the neural mechanisms underlying these impairments are largely unknown. We tracked online formation of neural memory traces for a novel spoken word-form in dyslexic and normalreading children by recording the brain's electrophysiological response dynamics in a passive
doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31211-0
pmid:30143722
fatcat:pqwhyeyforbxxl433lfmomhuzm
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... tual exposure session. Crucially, no meaning was assigned to the new word-form nor was there any task related to the stimulus, enabling us to explore the memory-trace formation of a purely phonological form in the absence of any short-term or working memory demands. Similar to previously established neural index of rapid word learning in adults, the control children demonstrated an early brain response enhancement within minutes of exposure to the novel word-form that originated in frontal cortices. Dyslexic children, however, lacked this neural enhancement over the entire course of exposure. Furthermore, the magnitude of the rapid neural enhancement for the novel word-form was positively associated with reading and writing fluency. This suggests that the rapid neural learning mechanism for online acquisition of novel speech material is associated with reading skills. Furthermore, the deficient online learning of novel words in dyslexia, consistent with poor rapid adaptation to familiar stimuli, may underlie the difficulty of learning to read. Developmental dyslexia, a specific reading impairment accompanied by compromised spelling and writing, is one of the most prevalent learning disorders, affecting 5-17% of children with normal IQ and educational possibilities 1,2 . Deficit in phonological processing is widely considered as the underlying cause of dyslexia 3,4 . According to one view, phonological forms (such as words) are poorly constructed in dyslexia; they are inaccurate and incomplete in their segmental organisation 5,6 , implying inefficient memory encoding in the first place. Underdeveloped phonological word-forms may hinder successful phonology-to-orthography mapping that is necessary in reading and writing. Yet, the neural mechanisms behind learning of novel linguistic representations in dyslexia are not understood. Word learning studies in dyslexia primarily employ acquisition of a novel word-form (merely the sound of the word) in association with another, already familiar word or with a visual referent which provide the meaning of the new word. It is, however, imperative to disentangle these two factors with respect to their contribution into the learning deficit. The evidence so far indicates a learning impairment specific to novel phonological forms, with fluent acquisition of semantic and visual associations 7-14 . These studies could not establish, however, whether it is specifically the stage of initial memory encoding, retrieval, or production of the newly learnt word that produces the difficulty. Some evidence suggests that the origin of impaired learning in dyslexia stems from the perceptual encoding level 15 . This account postulates that dyslexics do not benefit from stimulus-specific repetition, unlike normal readers who form "a perceptual anchor" and automatically link subsequent repetitions to it [16] [17] [18] (note that somewhat similar phonological deficits have been found in SLI 19 although it is important to differentiate SLI from dyslexia). In similar vein, findings of impaired implicit learning of both novel auditory categories 20 and motor sequences in dyslexia 21,22 corroborate the notion that repetition does not facilitate learning in dyslexia as much as it does in normally reading individuals. In the context of word learning, it remains unknown whether it is particularly the failure to benefit from repetitions at the perceptual level (found for both linguistic and non-linguistic stimuli) that slows down the word encoding process, or whether other neural processes underlie the difficulty.
Neuroscience illuminating the influence of auditory or phonological intervention on language-related deficits
2015
Frontiers in Psychology
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., 2007; Kujala and Näätänen, 2010) . From educators' perspective, neuroscientific research is seldom directly applicable in the assessment of remedial interventions. ...
Kujala et al. (2001) presented dyslexics with an intervention with nonlinguistic audiovisual training, including matching a sequence of non-speech sounds with a sequence of visual shapes. ...
Citation: Ylinen S and Kujala T (2015) Neuroscience illuminating the influence of auditory or phonological intervention on language-related deficits. Front. ...
doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00137
pmid:25741305
pmcid:PMC4330793
fatcat:5zuk37dejbdhzgfuzkqztmq7ka
Phonological processing differences in bilinguals and monolinguals
2013
International Journal of Psychophysiology
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Kujala et al., 2007) . The mean amplitudes were statistically analysed using a Group (2) × Time window (2) × Electrode (6) Repeated Measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). ...
., in shorter vs. longer reaction times and in preattentive neural processing native-likeness is connected with responses having shorter latencies and larger amplitudes (Kujala & Näätänen, 2010) . ...
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.003
pmid:23069274
fatcat:pcnxvi2c6ba3rce25fu6mzxcde
Interactions between Language and Attention Systems: Early Automatic Lexical Processing?
2010
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
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For stimulus presentation, we utilized the so-called optimum or multifeature paradigm (Kujala, Tervaniemi, & Schroger, 2007; Näätänen, Pakarinen, Rinne, & Takegata, 2004) , which can accommodate up to ...
acoustically matched word and pseudoword stimuli and found an increased MMN response whenever the deviant stimulus was a meaningful word (Shtyrov, Pihko, & Pulvermüller, 2005; Pulvermüller, Shtyrov, Kujala ...
doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21292
pmid:19580394
fatcat:7i3qwiwouzcklli2r6d4ou3kra
Automatic and controlled processing of acoustic and phonetic contrasts
2004
Hearing Research
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Changes in the temporal properties of the speech signal provide important cues for phoneme identification. An impairment or inability to detect such changes may adversely affect one's ability to understand spoken speech. The difference in meaning between the Finnish words tuli (fire) and tuuli (wind), for example, lies in the difference between the duration of the vowel /u/. Detecting changes in the temporal properties of the speech signal, therefore, is critical for distinguishing between
doi:10.1016/s0378-5955(04)00016-4
pmid:15051135
fatcat:wlqqhn6rfnhevcwlxx6i7aouru
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... mes and identifying words. In the current study, we tested whether detection of changes in speech sounds, in native Finnish speakers, would vary as a function of the position within the word that the informational changes occurred (beginning, middle, or end) by evaluating how length contrasts in segments of three-syllable Finnish pseudo-words and their acoustic correlates were discriminated. We recorded a combination of cortical components of event-related brain potentials (MMN, N2b, P3b) along with behavioral measures of the perception of the same sounds. It was found that speech sounds were not processed differently than non-speech sounds in the early stages of auditory processing indexed by MMN. Differences occurred only in later stages associated with controlled processes. The effects of position and attention on speech and non-speech stimuli are discussed.
Disruption of immediate memory and brain processes: an auditory ERP protocol
2005
Brain Research Protocols
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An event-related potential (ERP) protocol is described that can be used to investigate those sound-evoked neural processes that may be implicated in disrupting immediate memory. Conventional electroencephalogram (EEG) is recorded during the performance of a task that involves ignoring irrelevant sounds while trying to hold in memory lists of numbers. Specific bioelectric measures are made to prevent the contamination of recordings by the movements of articulators. An approach is also outlined
doi:10.1016/j.brainresprot.2004.11.001
pmid:15721813
fatcat:r3eut6nbonahlmsosgrjob5zn4
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... ich controls the timing of ERP components to sounds with different envelopes. Using this approach, it has been shown that the neural processes involved in the elicitation of the auditory N1 ERP response may be involved in the disruption of memory for serial order produced by irrelevant sound. D 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. Theme: Neural basis of behavior Topic: Cognition
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