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Zipf's laws of meaning in Catalan
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<span title="2021-06-30">2021</span>
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arXiv
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In his pioneering research, G. K. Zipf formulated a couple of statistical laws on the relationship between the frequency of a word with its number of meanings: the law of meaning distribution, relating the frequency of a word and its frequency rank, and the meaning-frequency law, relating the frequency of a word with its number of meanings. Although these laws were formulated more than half a century ago, they have been only investigated in a few languages. Here we present the first study of
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... se laws in Catalan. We verify these laws in Catalan via the relationship among their exponents and that of the rank-frequency law. We present a new protocol for the analysis of these Zipfian laws that can be extended to other languages. We report the first evidence of two marked regimes for these laws in written language and speech, paralleling the two regimes in Zipf's rank-frequency law in large multi-author corpora discovered in early 2000s. Finally, the implications of these two regimes will be discussed.
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A Formal Context for Acyclic Join Dependencies
[chapter]
<span title="">2017</span>
<i title="Springer International Publishing">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/2w3awgokqne6te4nvlofavy5a4" style="color: black;">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</a>
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Acyclic Join Dependencies (AJD) play a crucial role in database design and normalization. In this paper, we use Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) to characterize a set of AJDs that hold in a given dataset. This present work simplifies and generalizes the characterization of Multivalued Dependencies with FCA.
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Characterizations of Multivalued Dependencies and Related Expressions
[chapter]
<span title="">2004</span>
<i title="Springer Berlin Heidelberg">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/2w3awgokqne6te4nvlofavy5a4" style="color: black;">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</a>
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We study multivalued dependencies, as well as the propositional formulas whose deduction calculus parallels that of multivalued dependencies, and the variant known as degenerated multivalued dependencies. For each of these sorts of expressions, we provide intrinsic characterizations in purely semantic terms. They naturally generalize similar properties of functional dependencies or Horn clauses.
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Zipf's laws of meaning in Catalan
<span title="2021-12-16">2021</span>
<i title="Public Library of Science (PLoS)">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/s3gm7274mfe6fcs7e3jterqlri" style="color: black;">PLoS ONE</a>
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Author Contributions Conceptualization: Neus Català, Jaume Baixeries, Ramon Ferrer-i-Cancho, Lluı ´s Padro ´, Antoni Herna ´ndez-Ferna ´ndez. ...
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THE EVOLUTION OF POLYSEMY IN CHILD LANGUAGE
<span title="2014-04-03">2014</span>
<i title="WORLD SCIENTIFIC">
The Evolution of Language
</i>
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It has been hypothesized that early stages of language have left traces of simpler forms of language, for instance, in child language (Bickerton, 1990; Jackendoff, 1999) . Word learning biases in children (Saxton, 2010) suggest constraints that human language had to meet at its very origin. Here a candidate for a new (to the best of our knowledge) learning bias is investigated: a global preference for words with a small number of meanings unraveled by the analysis of massive electronic corpora
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... n English and Dutch. With the help of the Childes database (MacWhinney, 2000), we have studied the temporal evolution of the polysemy of transcripts in 14 Dutch children and 60 English children. Mothers, fathers and investigators are used as controls. The polysemy of a word is defined by its number of meanings (synsets) according to a dictionary: WordNet 3.1 for English (Fellbaum, 1998) and Cornetto 2.0 (Vossen et al., 2013) for Dutch. Thus, the polysemy of a transcript of the speech of an individual is defined as the mean polysemy over all the word tokens that have at least one synset. Only the synsets corresponding to the part-of-speech category of a token are considered. To control for word productivity and transcript length, the same number of word tokens are taken per transcript (if a transcript does not reach that number, it is discarded). Our analysis shows that the proportion of individuals with significant positive correlations between transcript polysemy and time in children in the total of both languages is much larger than those of any adult: 73% in children versus 6% in mothers, and 0% in fathers and investigators. In English this tendency is much clearer than in Dutch: 32,8% in Dutch versus 81,9% in English for children. In general terms, children at the age of about 20 months exhibit a smaller transcript polysemy than adults and converge later (at about 40 months) to adults values. However, it should not be concluded that children use a more precise and less polysemous language than adults: it is known that children overextend word meanings in both production and comprehension (Saxton, 2010) .
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Random models of Menzerath–Altmann law in genomes
<span title="">2012</span>
<i title="Elsevier BV">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/dbxvzia7tzcdzoff4xmqtr4qrq" style="color: black;">Biosystems (Amsterdam. Print)</a>
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Baixeries et al. / BioSystems xxx (2011) xxx-xxx
3
intermediate regions cannot be empty. ...
Please cite this article in press as: Baixeries, J., et al., Random models of Menzerath-Altmann law in genomes. BioSystems (2011), doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.11.010 ...
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The polysemy of the words that children learn over time
<span title="">2018</span>
<i title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/unsbvo2cvfhoziqk4dv4dca5rm" style="color: black;">Interaction Studies</a>
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Here we study polysemy as a potential learning bias in vocabulary learning in children. Words of low polysemy could be preferred as they reduce the disambiguation effort for the listener. However, such preference could be a side-effect of another bias: the preference of children for nouns in combination with the lower polysemy of nouns with respect to other part-of-speech categories. Our results show that mean polysemy in children increases over time in two phases, i.e. a fast growth till the
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... st month followed by a slower tendency towards adult speech. In contrast, this evolution is not found in adults interacting with children. This suggests that children have a preference for non-polysemous words in their early stages of vocabulary acquisition. Interestingly, the evolutionary pattern described above weakens when controlling for syntactic category (noun, verb, adjective or adverb) but it does not disappear completely, suggesting that it could result from a combination of a standalone bias for low polysemy and a preference for nouns.
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Size of the Whole versus Number of Parts in Genomes
<span title="2011-08-05">2011</span>
<i title="MDPI AG">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/4d3elkqvznfzho6ki7a35bt47u" style="color: black;">Entropy</a>
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It is known that chromosome number tends to decrease as genome size increases in angiosperm plants. Here the relationship between number of parts (the chromosomes) and size of the whole (the genome) is studied for other groups of organisms from different kingdoms. Two major results are obtained. First, the finding of relationships of the kind "the more parts the smaller the whole" as in angiosperms, but also relationships of the kind "the more parts the larger the whole". Second, these
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... ies are not linear in general. The implications of the dependencies between genome size and chromosome number are two-fold. First, they indicate that arguments against the relevance of the finding of negative correlations consistent with Menzerath-Altmann law (a linguistic law that relates the size of the parts with the size of the whole) in genomes are seriously flawed. Second, they unravel the weakness of a recent model of chromosome lengths based upon random breakage that assumes that chromosome number and genome size are independent.
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Characterizing approximate-matching dependencies in formal concept analysis with pattern structures
<span title="">2018</span>
<i title="Elsevier BV">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/lx7dev2le5anbg6oarljwh7lie" style="color: black;">Discrete Applied Mathematics</a>
</i>
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Functional dependencies (FDs) provide valuable knowledge on the relations between attributes of a data table. A functional dependency holds when the values of an attribute can be determined by another. It has been shown that FDs can be expressed in terms of partitions of tuples that are in agreement w.r.t. the values taken by some subsets of attributes. To extend the use of FDs, several generalizations have been proposed. In this work, we study approximatematching dependencies that generalize
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... s by relaxing the constraints on the attributes, i.e. agreement is based on a similarity relation rather than on equality. Such dependencies are attracting attention in the database field since they allow uncrisping the basic notion of FDs extending its application to many different fields, such as data quality, data mining, behavior analysis, data cleaning or data partition, among others. We show that these dependencies can be formalized in the framework of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) using a previous formalization introduced for standard FDs. Our new results state that, starting from the conceptual structure of a pattern structure, and generalizing the notion of relation between tuples, approximate-matching dependencies can be characterized as implications in a pattern concept lattice. We finally show how to use basic FCA algorithms to construct a pattern concept lattice that entails these dependencies after a slight and tractable binarization of the original data.
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Polysemy and Brevity versus Frequency in Language
<span title="">2019</span>
<i title="Elsevier BV">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/fut52bg77zaztmwr37xhgokdce" style="color: black;">Computer Speech and Language</a>
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The pioneering research of G. K. Zipf on the relationship between word frequency and other word features led to the formulation of various linguistic laws. The most popular is Zipf's law for word frequencies. Here we focus on two laws that have been studied less intensively: the meaning-frequency law, i.e. the tendency of more frequent words to be more polysemous, and the law of abbreviation, i.e. the tendency of more frequent words to be shorter. In a previous work, we tested the robustness of
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<a target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2019.03.007">doi:10.1016/j.csl.2019.03.007</a>
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... these Zipfian laws for English, roughly measuring word length in number of characters and distinguishing adult from child speech. In the present article, we extend our study to other languages (Dutch and Spanish) and introduce two additional measures of length: syllabic length and phonemic length. Our correlation analysis indicates that both the meaning-frequency law and the law of abbreviation hold overall in all the analyzed languages.
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The Evolution of the Exponent of Zipf's Law in Language Ontogeny
<span title="2013-03-13">2013</span>
<i title="Public Library of Science (PLoS)">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/s3gm7274mfe6fcs7e3jterqlri" style="color: black;">PLoS ONE</a>
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It is well-known that word frequencies arrange themselves according to Zipf's law. However, little is known about the dependency of the parameters of the law and the complexity of a communication system. Many models of the evolution of language assume that the exponent of the law remains constant as the complexity of a communication systems increases. Using longitudinal studies of child language, we analysed the word rank distribution for the speech of children and adults participating in
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... sations. The adults typically included family members (e.g., parents) or the investigators conducting the research. Our analysis of the evolution of Zipf's law yields two main unexpected results. First, in children the exponent of the law tends to decrease over time while this tendency is weaker in adults, thus suggesting this is not a mere mirror effect of adult speech. Second, although the exponent of the law is more stable in adults, their exponents fall below 1 which is the typical value of the exponent assumed in both children and adults. Our analysis also shows a tendency of the mean length of utterances (MLU), a simple estimate of syntactic complexity, to increase as the exponent decreases. The parallel evolution of the exponent and a simple indicator of syntactic complexity (MLU) supports the hypothesis that the exponent of Zipf's law and linguistic complexity are inter-related. The assumption that Zipf's law for word ranks is a power-law with a constant exponent of one in both adults and children needs to be revised.
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Characterization and Armstrong Relations for Degenerate Multivalued Dependencies Using Formal Concept Analysis
[chapter]
<span title="">2005</span>
<i title="Springer Berlin Heidelberg">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/2w3awgokqne6te4nvlofavy5a4" style="color: black;">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</a>
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Functional dependencies, a notion originated in Relational Database Theory, are known to admit interesting characterizations in terms of Formal Concept Analysis. In database terms, two successive, natural extensions of the notion of functional dependency are the socalled degenerate multivalued dependencies, and multivalued dependencies proper. We propose here a new Galois connection, based on any given relation, which gives rise to a formal concept lattice corresponding precisely to the
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... te multivalued dependencies that hold in the relation given. The general form of the construction departs significantly from the most usual way of handling functional dependencies. Then, we extend our approach so as to extract Armstrong relations for the degenerate multivalued dependencies from the concept lattice obtained; the proof of the correctness of this construction is nontrivial.
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Characterizing functional dependencies in formal concept analysis with pattern structures
<span title="2014-01-29">2014</span>
<i title="Springer Nature">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/j2td7x4trvgx7pjoienrccryxq" style="color: black;">Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence</a>
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Computing functional dependencies from a relation is an important database topic, with many applications in database management, reverse engineering and query optimization. Whereas it has been deeply investigated in those fields, strong links exist with the mathematical framework of Formal Concept Analysis. Considering the discovery of functional dependencies, it is indeed known that a relation can be expressed as the binary relation of a formal context, whose implications are equivalent to
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... e dependencies. However, this leads to a new data representation that is quadratic in the number of objects w.r.t. the original data. Here, we present an alternative avoiding such a data representation and show how to characterize functional dependencies using the formalism of pattern structures, an extension of classical FCA to handle complex data. We also show how another class of dependencies can be characterized with that framework, namely, degenerated multivalued dependencies. Finally, we discuss and compare the performances of our new approach in a series of experiments on classical benchmark datasets.
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The polysemy of the words that children learn over time
[article]
<span title="2019-03-26">2019</span>
<i >
arXiv
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<span class="release-stage" >pre-print</span>
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Other Versions
<span title="2016-11-27">2016</span>
<span class="release-stage" >pre-print</span>
<span class="external-identifiers"> <a target="_blank" rel="external noopener" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.08807v1">arXiv:1611.08807v1</a> <a target="_blank" rel="external noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/release/wkrp2caf55aarmqc7b6lnvsq4y">fatcat:wkrp2caf55aarmqc7b6lnvsq4y</a> </span>
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Here we study polysemy as a potential learning bias in vocabulary learning in children. Words of low polysemy could be preferred as they reduce the disambiguation effort for the listener. However, such preference could be a side-effect of another bias: the preference of children for nouns in combination with the lower polysemy of nouns with respect to other part-of-speech categories. Our results show that mean polysemy in children increases over time in two phases, i.e. a fast growth till the
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... st month followed by a slower tendency towards adult speech. In contrast, this evolution is not found in adults interacting with children. This suggests that children have a preference for non-polysemous words in their early stages of vocabulary acquisition. Interestingly, the evolutionary pattern described above weakens when controlling for syntactic category (noun, verb, adjective or adverb) but it does not disappear completely, suggesting that it could result from acombination of a standalone bias for low polysemy and a preference for nouns.
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Testing the Robustness of Laws of Polysemy and Brevity Versus Frequency
[chapter]
<span title="">2016</span>
<i title="Springer International Publishing">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/container/2w3awgokqne6te4nvlofavy5a4" style="color: black;">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</a>
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The pioneering research of G. K. Zipf on the relationship between word frequency and other word features led to the formulation of various linguistic laws. Here we focus on a couple of them: the meaning-frequency law, i.e. the tendency of more frequent words to be more polysemous, and the law of abbreviation, i.e. the tendency of more frequent words to be shorter. Here we evaluate the robustness of these laws in contexts where they have not been explored yet to our knowledge. The recovery of
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... laws again in new conditions provides support for the hypothesis that they originate from abstract mechanisms.
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