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Influence of the stress hormone cortisol on fear conditioning in humans: Evidence for sex differences in the response of the prefrontal cortex
2006
NeuroImage
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In sum, these findings demonstrate that in humans cortisol mostly influences prefrontal brain activation during fear conditioning and that these effects appear to be modulated by sex. ...
The stress hormone cortisol is known to influence declarative memory and associative learning. ...
Discussion The present study was designed to examine the neural correlates of the influence of the stress hormone cortisol on fear conditioning. ...
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.046
pmid:16839780
fatcat:7fqqkqb4nngjvjg4rperipdfle
Effects of stress hormones on the structure and function of the human brain
2006
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
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In response to stress, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis is activated and glucocorticoids are secreted. These hormones exert multiple effects in the periphery as well as the brain. ...
In parallel, structural alterations are observed in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. However, it seems that plasticity/reversibility is more common than previously thought. ...
Acknowledgements
References
Affiliation For reprint orders, please contact reprints@future-drugs.com
Wolf Acknowledgements The work of the author is supported by grants from the German Research Foundation ...
doi:10.1586/17446651.1.5.623
fatcat:roa5gbqanbaixcffpym4hrpllu
Stress Prompts Habit Behavior in Humans
2009
Journal of Neuroscience
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These results demonstrate for the first time that stress promotes habits at the expense of goal-directed performance in humans. ...
Based on previous findings showing that stress modulates the interaction of "cognitive" and "habit" memory systems, we asked in the presented study whether stress may coordinate goal-directed and habit ...
Converging lines of evidence show that stress and the glucocorticoid stress hormones (mainly cortisol in humans) released from the adrenal cortex can operate as a switch between "cognitive" and "habit" ...
doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0979-09.2009
pmid:19494141
pmcid:PMC6666491
fatcat:6lsb2nchd5aifnj5au2orzguqa
Acute stress impairs the retrieval of extinction memory in humans
2014
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
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The efficacy of our stress induction was established by observing significant increases in cortisol for the stress condition only. ...
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which plays a critical role in the expression of extinction memory, has been shown to be functionally impaired after stress exposure. ...
Our results are unique in that they investigate the effect of stress on extinction retrieval in healthy humans within the context of cued classical fear conditioning, providing a viable model for the return ...
doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.015
pmid:24508065
pmcid:PMC4128278
fatcat:g25qg6wx5fdfblc3kgsfzhnyzi
The influence of stress hormones on emotional memory: Relevance for psychopathology
2008
Acta Psychologica
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Finally, the relevance of these findings for emotional memory disturbances in psychiatric disorders is exemplified by discussions on neuroendocrine alterations in depression, post traumatic stress disorder ...
Substantial progress within recent years has led to a better understanding of the impact of stress on emotional memory. These effects are of relevance for understanding and treating psychopathology. ...
Acknowledgement The work of the author was supported by grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG WO 733/6-2 and WO 733/7-1). ...
doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.08.002
pmid:17900515
fatcat:r7fizwslfrhwlebsqbizuepn5u
Utilizing a unique animal model to better understand human temperament
2017
Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
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This review will highlight these relationships with a focus on individual differences in the response to stressors, fear conditioning and drugs of abuse using animals that differ in their response to a ...
Individual differences in temperament are associated with psychopathology in humans. ...
For example, animals with high anxiety had increased D1 receptor responsivity following fear conditioning in the prefrontal cortex [34] . ...
doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.02.002
pmid:28966969
pmcid:PMC5616177
fatcat:ws72asna7nafhiehngahekaszq
Links Between the Neurobiology of Oxytocin and Human Musicality
2020
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
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In this review these special characteristics of music are considered in light of recent research on the neuroscience of the peptide oxytocin, a hormone that has both peripheral and central actions, that ...
of the distribution of oxytocin and its receptor (OXTR) in the human brain. ...
Given this, and what is known about the effects of music on hormones such as oxytocin and cortisol, it will be of interest to determine if participation in musical activities influences human hippocampal ...
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00350
pmid:33005139
pmcid:PMC7479205
fatcat:c2lphjn4lffhfk42lmtt4qkaji
Adrenal Aging and Its Implications on Stress Responsiveness in Humans
2019
Frontiers in Endocrinology
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The chronically elevated glucocorticoid levels also impinge on the normal stress response in the elderly, leading to an impaired ability to recover from stressful stimuli. ...
, prefrontal cortex, with consequent impairment in normal memory, cognitive function, and sleep cycles. ...
The hippocampus (HC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are largely inhibitory of the limbic-HPA axis activity, and the amygdala appears to activate the stress response. ...
doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00054
fatcat:h6lbzsh6dfhsfko5aie27knt7y
Effects of Stress on Memory: Relevance for Human Aging
[chapter]
2015
Encyclopedia of Geropsychology
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One main finding is that the integrity of the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex is compromised, while, in parallel, the amygdala (the "fear center" of the brain) and parts of the striatum (the ...
GCs are lipophilic hormones that can enter the brain, where they influence regions involved in cognitive functions (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex). ...
doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_172-1
fatcat:34sx5svjmzaqljhelz3r4c7tyy
Effects of Stress on Memory, Relevance for Human Aging
[chapter]
2017
Encyclopedia of Geropsychology
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One main finding is that the integrity of the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex is compromised, while, in parallel, the amygdala (the "fear center" of the brain) and parts of the striatum (the ...
GCs are lipophilic hormones that can enter the brain, where they influence regions involved in cognitive functions (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex). ...
doi:10.1007/978-981-287-082-7_172
fatcat:vtl57cmx7rak5hefmnuehrinwq
Stress differentially affects fear conditioning in men and women
2013
Psychoneuroendocrinology
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In behavioral studies considerable sex differences in fear learning have been observed after increases of the stress hormone cortisol. ...
Sex-independently, stress enhanced the CS+/CSÀ differentiation in the hippocampus in early acquisition but attenuated conditioned responses in the medial frontal cortex in late acquisition. ...
Clemens Kirschbaum for hormone analyses. We are also very grateful to Dr. Carlo Blecker for technical assistance and Dr. Bertram Walter for statistical support. ...
doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.015
pmid:23790683
fatcat:27oldp2hcvhmfjw3xae6wsjb2a
Investigating the impact of sex and cortisol on implicit fear conditioning with fMRI
2010
Psychoneuroendocrinology
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In a previous human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we observed acute effects of the stress hormone cortisol on prefrontal structures. ...
Men showed evidence for impaired fear conditioning after cortisol treatment, while the opposite pattern was found for women. ...
support as well as Jürgen Hennig, Yvonne Küpper, and Cornelia Meineke for assistance with the cortisol analyses. ...
doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.009
pmid:19683399
fatcat:4n2rfthdhzcihej6x6sf7ggueu
Gender Differences in Human Brain: A Review
2010
The Open Anatomy Journal
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These neurons are densely crowded on certain layers of the cortex, namely the ones responsible for signals coming in and out of the brain, and these differences were present from birth [10]. ...
Grey Matter vs White Matter Ratios of grey to white matter also differ significantly between the sexes in diverse regions of the human cortex [5] . ...
Substantial evidence indicates that sex hormones influence learning and memory processes [209] , and interact with stress hormones to do so. ...
doi:10.2174/1877609401002010037
fatcat:3i4paesexfawrioll6epwn7lte
Developmental Contributors to Trauma Response: The Importance of Sensitive Periods, Early Environment, and Sex Differences
[chapter]
2016
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences
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of sex differences. ...
We also describe development of neural substrates that have been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and specifically focus on fear behavior and circuitry. ...
amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. ...
doi:10.1007/7854_2016_38
pmid:27830573
pmcid:PMC5425320
fatcat:dokvktx7zfhx5knajmh4lwjypm
Early developmental emergence of human amygdala-prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation
2013
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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This connectivity pattern was mediated by the hormone cortisol, suggesting that stress-induced modifications of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis shape amygdala-mPFC circuitry. ...
Under typical conditions, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) connections with the amygdala are immature during childhood and become adult-like during adolescence. ...
The present research was supported by R01MH091864 (to N.T.) and P50MH078105 from the National Institute of Mental Health and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship award (to D.G.G.) ...
doi:10.1073/pnas.1307893110
pmid:24019460
pmcid:PMC3785723
fatcat:yrf7cxk3irddzly3w5qvc54ta4
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