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The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation
2005
International Journal of Psychophysiology
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Finally, conditioned startle potentiation can be obtained without contingency awareness, which on the other hand is necessary for skin conductance conditioning to occur. ...
It is suggested here that potentiation of the acoustic startle reflex is a rather specific measure for fear acquisition, while skin conductance discrimination indexes contingency learning. ...
Acknowledgements This research was supported by a grant of the German Research Foundation (DFG) to Alfons Hamm (Ha 1593/10-2) and to Almut Weike (We 2762/3-1). ...
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.006
pmid:15935258
fatcat:ih3vtsxwhnbvrmnuql2fpdnyr4
Fear conditioning of SCR but not the startle reflex requires conscious discrimination of threat and safety
2014
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
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There is conflicting evidence as to whether awareness is required for conditioning of the skin conductance response (SCR). ...
These findings are in stark contrast with other observations in human fear conditioning research, showing that SCR predominantly reflects contingency learning. ...
Molenkamp for his technical assistance and F. Geurts for collecting the data. This study was funded by a Vici grant (Merel Kindt) from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. ...
doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00032
pmid:24616672
pmcid:PMC3937874
fatcat:7mcdd3pa2nfdlkog45jprtomly
Amygdala-dependent fear conditioning in humans is modulated by the BDNFval66met polymorphism
2010
Behavioral Neuroscience
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Pictures of male faces were used as stimuli and fear learning was quantified by fear potentiated startle (FPS) and skin conductance responses (SCR). ...
Aware BDNF met-carriers show a deficit in amygdala-dependent fear conditioning as indicated by an absence of FPS responses in the last acquisition block. ...
Skin Conductance Responses In aware participants, robust conditioned SCR discrimination was demonstrated by a significant main effect for stimulus, indicating differential conditioning, during both conditioning ...
doi:10.1037/a0018261
pmid:20141276
pmcid:PMC2862474
fatcat:53bm43ssgfh2pjiw6qybxgwwvq
Cognitive Processes in Extinction
2004
Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Preparation of this manuscript was supported by grants A10007156 and DP0346379 from the Australian Research Council. ...
Implications for Neuroscience A great deal of research on the neural basis of conditioning has been conducted with animals. ...
By comparison to these stimuli, it can be seen that presentation of stimulus D without shock had led to a substantial reduction in both shock expectancy ( Fig. 1 left panel) and skin conductance CRs ...
doi:10.1101/lm.79604
pmid:15466299
fatcat:3jx6ksjwwbhrlpb2pgfyiwsbcy
Conditioning with masked stimuli affects the timecourse of skin conductance responses
2010
Behavioral Neuroscience
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In Pavlovian fear conditioning, an aversive unconditional stimulus (UCS) is repeatedly paired with a neutral conditional stimulus (CS). ...
There are currently two general models competing to explain the role of subjective awareness in fear conditioning. ...
In fear conditioning with humans, autonomic CRs can be measured via changes in skin conductance level (SCL). ...
doi:10.1037/a0019927
pmid:20695647
pmcid:PMC5275764
fatcat:fj226psqgrfxxalbgsjlryt57u
Learned Fear of "Unseen" Faces after Pavlovian, Observational, and Instructed Fear
2004
Psychological Science
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The three groups demonstrated similar levels of learning as measured by the skin conductance response to unmasked stimuli. ...
This study compared fear learning acquired through direct experience (Pavlovian conditioning) and fear learning acquired without direct experience via either observation or verbal instruction. ...
comments on an earlier version of this article. ...
doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00762.x
pmid:15563327
fatcat:c2u6gs6xivfn5ka3yemdcgpul4
Under what conditions can human affective conditioning occur without contingency awareness? Test of the evaluative conditioning paradigm
2007
Emotion
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, both psychophysiological (skin conductance and startle eyeblink) and indirect behavioral (affective priming) measures of conditioning, along with a trial-by-trial measure of awareness from 55 college ...
The role of conscious cognitive processes in human affective conditioning remains controversial, with several theories arguing that such conditioning can occur without awareness of the conditioned stimulus ...
Affective Ratings
Skin Conductance During Conditioning
Skin Conductance During Preaware and Postaware Trials The mean skin conductance amplitudes to the CS pos and CS neg were compared with the CS ...
doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.755
pmid:18039045
fatcat:3vjd4tvmsjgxdhg4zpaoof65uu
In the Blink of an Eye: Investigating the Role of Awareness in Fear Responding by Measuring the Latency of Startle Potentiation
2012
Brain Sciences
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We review research suggesting that single-cue delay classical conditioning is independent of awareness of the contingency between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). ...
These results indicate that the process underlying delay conditioned responding is independent of awareness, and that trace fear conditioned responding is dependent on awareness. ...
Previous studies have used skin conductance responses to masked conditioned fear-evoking stimuli [23, 59] . ...
doi:10.3390/brainsci2010061
pmid:24962686
pmcid:PMC4061786
fatcat:jxmd5eteqzaqzfojayglqwdolq
Learning as a Model for Neural Plasticity in Major Depression
2010
Biological Psychiatry
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Results: Depressed subjects showed a significant deficit in declarative memory consolidation and enhanced fear acquisition as indicated by skin conductance responses to conditioned stimuli, in comparison ...
The neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression proposes that a dysfunction of neural plasticity-the basic ability of living organisms to adapt their neural function and structure to external and internal ...
**p Ͻ .01, by analysis of variance.
Figure 3 . 3 (A) Skin conductance response (SCR) levels during fear conditioning. The lines depict mean SCRs across single blocks (early, middle, and late). ...
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.026
pmid:20655508
fatcat:7qvlaq2gefg3jbi6bg6rjqp6bq
Maltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents
2015
Neuropsychopharmacology
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Skin conductance responses (SCR) and self-reported fear were acquired. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 60 children. ...
Child maltreatment is associated with failure to discriminate between threat and safety cues during fear conditioning in children. ...
of maltreatment, suggesting good contingency awareness. ...
doi:10.1038/npp.2015.365
pmid:26677946
pmcid:PMC4908632
fatcat:mbccx76lhfav5bddqmcdxpupkq
The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: Empirical evidence and theoretical implications
2002
Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes
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The bulk of the evidence is consistent with the position that awareness is necessary but not sufficient for conditioned performance, although studies suggestive of conditioning without awareness are identified ...
Many studies have used inadequate measures of awareness, and strategies for increasing validity and sensitivity are discussed. ...
Additional analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between verbalizable knowledge and magnitude of the skin conductance response. ...
doi:10.1037//0097-7403.28.1.3
pmid:11868231
fatcat:jmlfohd7rnc2hirpa2tw34lzty
The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: Empirical evidence and theoretical implications
2002
Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes
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The bulk of the evidence is consistent with the position that awareness is necessary but not sufficient for conditioned performance, although studies suggestive of conditioning without awareness are identified ...
Many studies have used inadequate measures of awareness, and strategies for increasing validity and sensitivity are discussed. ...
Additional analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between verbalizable knowledge and magnitude of the skin conductance response. ...
doi:10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.3
pmid:11868231
fatcat:xqg5b4satvaxrlja6uly6nzvlu
Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology
2002
Biological Psychiatry
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A distinction is made between cued fear (as in specific phobia), a phasic response to an explicit threat cue, and anxiety, a more sustained and future-oriented response not linked to a specific discrete ...
Following a brief description of the neurobiology of cued fear and context conditioning, evidence is presented showing that anxious patients are overly sensitive to threatening contexts. ...
Aspects of this work were presented at the conference, "Learning and Unlearning Fears: Preparedness, Neural Pathways, and Patients," held March 21, 2002 in Austin, TX. ...
doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01665-7
pmid:12437937
fatcat:nxhile5girdapmgs6foi2oeshm
Impaired acquisition of classically conditioned fear-potentiated startle reflexes in humans with focal bilateral basolateral amygdala damage
2014
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
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Based on studies in rodents, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is considered a key site for experience-dependent neural plasticity underlying the acquisition of conditioned fear responses. ...
In a classical delay fear conditioning experiment, these subjects showed impaired acquisition of conditioned fear relative to a group of matched control subjects (N ¼ 10) as measured by fear-potentiation ...
Near-complete bilateral amygdala calcification due to this disease was found to be associated with a lack of fear-conditioned skin conductance responses in this subject (Bechara et al., 1995) . ...
doi:10.1093/scan/nsu164
pmid:25552573
pmcid:PMC4560935
fatcat:i5bpcrl4rzddvoy5e3utkkxuwy
Social learning of fear
2007
Nature Neuroscience
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A better understanding of social fear learning promotes integration of biological principles of learning with cultural evolution. ...
We also describe how observational and instructed fear is distinguished by involvement of additional neural systems implicated in social-emotional behavior, language and explicit memory, and propose a ...
This research was supported by the US National Institutes of Health MH62104 (to E.A.P.). ...
doi:10.1038/nn1968
pmid:17726475
fatcat:jekwtq4yvbbftafccnuytdvalq
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