@article{ghanizadeh_harrington_james_woolley_ellison_2016, 
  title={Restricted Herbicide Translocation Was Found in Two Glyphosate-resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Populations from New Zealand}, 
  volume={18}, 
  abstractNote={Glyphosate resistance has been found in two populations of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) following many years of glyphosate application in New Zealand vineyards. Dose-response experiments showed that both glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass populations had 10-fold levels of resistance to glyphosate compared to a susceptible population. Possible mechanisms of glyphosate resistance target site mutation at position Pro-106 of 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene and alterations in glyphosate absorption/translocation in these populations were investigated. Genotyping assays demonstrated that there was no point mutation at Codon 106 of the 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene in either of the resistant populations. Glyphosate-resistant and susceptible populations did not differ in 14 C-glyphosate absorption. However, in both resistant populations, much more of the absorbed 14 C-glyphosate was retained in the treated leaf than occurred in the susceptible population. Significantly more 14 C-glyphosate was found in the pseudostem region of susceptible plants than resistant plants. Based on these results, it was suggested that alterations in glyphosate translocation patterns plays a major role in glyphosate resistance for Italian ryegrass populations from these New Zealand vineyards.}, 
  author={Ghanizadeh and Harrington and James and Woolley and Ellison}, 
  year={2016}
  }