@article{abdulkadir_yu_osiecki_king_fernandez_brown_cheon_coffey_garcia-delgar_gilbert_et al._2021, 
  title={Investigation of gene–environment interactions in relation to tic severity}, 
  volume={128}, 
  DOI={10.1007/s00702-021-02396-y}, 
  abstractNote={<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with involvement of genetic and environmental factors. We investigated genetic loci previously implicated in Tourette syndrome and associated disorders in interaction with pre- and perinatal adversity in relation to tic severity using a case-only (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 518) design. We assessed 98 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected from (I) top SNPs from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of TS; (II) top SNPs from GWASs of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD); (III) SNPs previously implicated in candidate-gene studies of TS; (IV) SNPs previously implicated in OCD or ASD; and (V) tagging SNPs in neurotransmitter-related candidate genes. Linear regression models were used to examine the main effects of the SNPs on tic severity, and the interaction effect of these SNPs with a cumulative pre- and perinatal adversity score. Replication was sought for SNPs that met the threshold of significance (after correcting for multiple testing) in a replication sample (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 678). One SNP (rs7123010), previously implicated in a TS meta-analysis, was significantly related to higher tic severity. We found a gene–environment interaction for rs6539267, another top TS GWAS SNP. These findings were not independently replicated. Our study highlights the future potential of TS GWAS top hits in gene–environment studies.</jats:p>}, 
  number={11}, 
  publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, 
  author={Abdulkadir, Mohamed and Yu, Dongmei and Osiecki, Lisa and King, Robert A. and Fernandez, Thomas V. and Brown, Lawrence W. and Cheon, Keun-Ah and Coffey, Barbara J. and Garcia-Delgar, Blanca and Gilbert, Donald L. and et al.}, 
  year={2021}, 
  month={Aug}
  }