@article{phythian_michalopoulou_jones_winter_clarkson_stubbings_grove-white_cripps_duncan_2011, 
  title={Validating indicators of sheep welfare through a consensus of expert opinion}, 
  DOI={10.1017/s1751731110002594}, 
  abstractNote={<jats:p>A consensus of expert opinion was used to provide both face and consensual validity to a list of potential indicators of sheep welfare. This approach was used as a first step in the identification of valid welfare indicators for sheep. The consensus methodology of the National Institute of Health, using pre-meeting consultation and focus group discussions, was used to ascertain the consensus opinion of a panel of sheep welfare experts. The Farm Animal Welfare Council's five freedoms were used as a framework to organise a list of current on-farm welfare issues for sheep. The five freedoms were also the welfare criterion used to identify potential on-farm welfare indicators for sheep. As a result, experts identified 193 welfare issues for sheep and lambs managed on farms across England and Wales. Subsequently, a combination of animal- (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>= 26), resource- (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>= 13) and management- (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>= 22) based indicators was suggested for (i) adult rams, (ii) adult ewes (male and female sheep, over 1 year old), (iii) growing lambs (male and female sheep, over 6 weeks to 1 year old) and (iv) young lambs (male and female lambs, 6 weeks old and under). The results from this study could therefore be used to inform the further development of valid methods of assessing the on-farm welfare of sheep.</jats:p>}, 
  number={06}, 
  publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, 
  author={Phythian and Michalopoulou and Jones and Winter and Clarkson and Stubbings and Grove-White and Cripps and Duncan}, 
  year={2011}, 
  month={Jan}
  }